Prognostic factors of cervical node status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Cervical nodal status is one of prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors of cervical node status including site and size of primary tumors, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and size of cervical node for appropriate further treatment in HNSCC. METHODS A 5-year retrospective review of patients with HNSCC in Phramongkutklao Hospital from 2009 to 2013 was conducted. Histopathologic data on primary tumors and cervical nodes were reviewed. Cervical nodes were divided into five groups: 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-30, and >30 mm. Numbers of positive and negative nodes were compared in different sizes and sites and the presence of extracapsular extension. RESULTS In all, 165 patients and 1,472 nodes were reviewed. The mean age was 52.6 years and 77.58% were male. The most frequent primary site was oral tongue (50.91%). In sum, 52.72% showed lymphovascular invasion. Thirty-five patients (81.40%) in therapeutic neck dissections and 18 patients (69.23%) in prophylactic neck dissections showed nodal metastasis. The mean size of metastatic nodes was 3.89 mm (range, 2-45 mm) and 3.53 mm (range, 2-23 mm), respectively. Significant associations were found between the size of cervical nodes and the site of primary tumor of the oral tongue, lip, base of the tongue, and floor of the mouth (p < 0.05). Metastatic lymph nodes showed extracapsular extension 69.55%. No significance was found between extracapsular extension and clinical staging, size of primary tumor, pathologic differentiation, and size of cervical nodes. Sizes of cervical lymph node of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue and lip were statistically significant with the size of tumor and tumor grading (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A statistical significance was found between the size of cervical nodes and the site of primary tumor of the oral tongue and lip. Herein, we recommended performing neck dissection in all cases of SCC of the base of the tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, and retromolar trigone.